Doubling density can reduce journey lengths by
30%
•
But only if the transport strategy supports public
transport, walking and cycling
•
Limits on parking provision will help manage
car use
•
Thus land use controls are needed
•
Land use and transport need to be planned
together
•
Developers should pay for transport provision

Reallocation of road space to buses,
pedestrians and cyclists will improve conditions
for them
•
Limited impacts on car use
•
But substantially improves liveability
•
And can contribute to economic growth
•
Regulatory controls can reduce car use
•
By around 10% to 15% subject to enforcement

Improvements in bus service patterns and
frequencies will increase patronage and
attract some transfer from the car
•
Perhaps 10% of new bus users will come from
cars
•
Better integration of services will reduce
transfer times and improve accessibility
•
Services are better managed under a
common franchise
•
Even if they are operated by the private sector

Awareness campaigns appear to be
successful in encouraging reduced car use and
greater use of public transport, walking and
cycling
•
Estimates suggest a 15% reduction in car use
•
But these campaigns need to be sustained
•
Car sharing schemes can reduce private car
ownership
•
Up to ten fewer private cars for every car club car
•
Promotion of low emission vehicles can
significantly reduce air pollution

Telecommunications may help
reduce the need to travel
•
Perhaps a 10% reduction in commuting
•
Better information can improve
efficiency and reduce travel costs
•
For road users and for public transport

Simpler, lower fares can increase patronage,
and attract transfer from car use
•
Perhaps 10% of new users will come from cars
•
But lower fares will require continued subsidy
•
Congestion charging can reduce traffic levels
and raise revenue to finance other policies
•
Typical traffic reductions of 10% to 20%
•
Which is usually the optimal reduction
•
Raising perhaps €100m per year for a city of 1m
people
•
But is unpopular!

Which of these results are
transferable?
•
Land use planning and control should help reduce the need
for travel, and is essential as cities grow
•
Infrastructure investment will be more important, but its
effects will still be limited to the corridors in which it occurs
•
Effective management of the road network will be more
important, with much more than a 10% capacity increase
feasible
•
But needs to be coupled with controls on car and m/c use
•
Regulatory restrictions on car use (and ownership) will
have a greater role to play (e.g. Beijing, Shanghai)

An integrated public transport network serving the whole
city, and linked to any new rail or BRT services, will be
essential
•
Perhaps an opportunity to benefit from New Mobility Services
•
Awareness campaigns are dependent on local culture, but
inexpensive and worth considering
•
Information technology will provide alternatives to travel
and significantly improve efficiency for users
•
Pricing is a sensitive issue, given typical low fares policies,
but can control the growth of car use

The process of policy formulation is critical
•
Start with objectives and strategy
•
Consider the full range of policy measures
•
Package them to achieve synergy and overcome constraints
•
Learn from experience elsewhere, but carefully consider
transferability
•
Land use planning, traffic management, public transport
management, information provision should be transferable
•
Infrastructure provision, awareness, pricing may require a different
approach from that in Europe
•
Novel policy measures (e.g. regulatory controls) may help
•
But evaluate their effects and disseminate the results